Coupled with Mark 7:19 and Matthew 15 plus sweeping declarations in the Pauline epistles that New Testament believers in Jesus are under “grace” and not the “law”, this “prooftext” supposedly beefs up the argument that the Biblical diet prescribed in Leviticus 11 was done away with.

Checking the literary context of these verses, Chapter 10 opens with introducing a Roman centurion named Cornelius who lived in Caesarea. He’s described as a “devout man, a God-fearer, charitable to the Jewish people, who prayed constantly. He sees a vision of an angel who tells him God is pleased with him, and instructs him to dispatch some men to Joppa to bring back a man named Simon [Peter] who is staying with a tanner whose name is also Simon.  Whatever the reason for doing this is not specified, but who’s going to question an angel?  So Cornelius obeys, sends a delegation and as they approach the house of Simon the tanner, Peter goes up to the roof top to pray because it is the 6th hour:
 
 

vs 10-16  

And he became hungry and was desiring to eat; but while they were making preparations, he fell into a trance; and he beheld the sky opened up, and a certain object like a great sheet coming down, lowered by four corners to the ground, and there were in it all kinds of four-footed animals and crawling creatures of the earth and birds of the air.  And a voice came to him, “Arise, Peter, kill and eat!” But Peter said “By no means Lord, for I have never eaten anything unholy and unclean.  And again a voice came to him a second time, “What God has cleansed, no longer consider unholy.  And this happened three times, and immediately the object was taken up into the sky.   

Image from eborg3.com

If you were Peter, what would you think?  If the vision was isolated from the general context of Chapter 10, it would be easy to conclude, just as Peter did, that he was being commanded to eat creatures forbidden by Torah law. But consider Peter’s response, because it is crucial!

The God who appeared to Moses on Sinai educated His chosen people, the Israelites, about a lifestyle that would set them apart from the nations on different levels, not the least of which is a holistic health regimen to make them long-lived with a quality of life. God’s chosen people must not only be role models for the nations on all counts, they must survive for them to fulfil their God-given destiny!  

As in ALL of Torah law, the blessing is in the observance, even in dietary, sanitary, hygienic instructions. Medical science has taken many millennia to get to what the Israelites were given their menu on a silver platter by the Divine Diet-Planner back in the days of antiquity.  

It is doubtful that Peter, a Jew, or any other Jew who has been kosher-observant could actually develop an appetite for the meat of unclean animals.  For that matter, people today (like yours truly) whose palates have long been retrained (whether for medical or biblical reasons) to become vegan or resort to the Biblical diet would have difficulty in suddenly ingesting unpalatable stuff they consider UNfit for human consumption. Peter would not have been any different. So what was this vision all about?  

vs 17-19

Now while Peter was greatly perplexed in mind as to what the vision which he had seen might be, behold the men who had been sent by Cornelius, having asked directions for Simon’s house appeared at the gate; and calling out, they were asking whether Simon, who is also called Peter, was staying there.  And while Peter was reflecting on the vision, the Spirit said to him, “Behold, three men are looking for you.  But arise, go downstairs, and accompany them without misgivings; for I have sent them Myself.”

 
So while Peter is mulling over whether or not he’s going to change his kosher diet, the centurion’s delegation knock on the door. There you have it, Peter’s vision is connected with the vision of Cornelius. The Jewish Peter then meets with gentile Cornelius. The social context to be considered here is Jews and gentiles don’t normally mix and in this case, Jewish citizens in Judea under Roman occupation probably stayed clear of Roman centurions. But supposedly, God arranged this encounter to emphasize something that was going to change in the Jew-gentile relationship.

New Testament scriptures give many examples of Jewish attitude toward gentiles and vice-versa.  Jesus words to the Syrophoenician woman in Matthew 15:21-28/Mark 7:24-30 are surprising for an itinerant preacher teaching love for God and fellowmen:  It is not meet to take the children’s bread and cast it to the dogs.  To this woman’s credit, her humble response elicits praise from Jesus for her great faith: Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters’ table.

So, what are we getting at?

Christian teachers consider Peter’s vision as a sign that there are no more food restrictions for those under the ‘New Covenant’.  To their credit, messianic teachers emphasize  that the context is key to understanding what the 2 visions are all about; that God is now extending the “gospel of Jesus Christ” to the gentiles even if Jesus himself kept repeating during his ministry on earth, that “I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel.”

So much more can be said in this article but we are not in a classroom situation; suffice it to say that this vision is NOT about opening up the floodgates for unclean animals to make it to our dinner plate.  Sure, with man’s freedom of choice, he can eat anything he wants but—be ready to suffer the consequences.  Health statistics will bear out the blessings and the curses of the strict observance or violation of the “Maker’s Diet”, to borrow Dr. Jordan Rubin’s perfect title for his mouth-watering health alert.

NSB@S6K

What about Matthew 15: 1-20, does it not reinforce Jesus’ declaration in Mark 7:19? vs 1-2

 Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem and said, “Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.” 

Matthew’s account is similar to Mark’s regarding the exchange between Jesus and the Pharisees. The point? Washing hands before eating . . . so what’s so wrong with that?  Isn’t it a good hygienic habit to cultivate? Don’t we require our children to wash their hands before meals? In fact we are told by medical practitioners today that the simplest defense against contracting any disease is to wash hands frequently since our hands come in contact with germs all the time, when we touch doorknobs, hand railings, etc. or shake hands.

Hospitals have HOW-TO illustrated posters on the proper and hygienic way to wash hands. It’s a MUST in any age and specially in these days of swine flu, bird flu, HK flu, and other unidentifiable flu.

The cultural context would suggest that in those days, finding water to wash hands with would mean looking for a well nearby, or running water [stream, river], or somebody’s house with a pitcher/basin ready for that purpose. In short, if anybody really bothers to wash hands before eating, whether for tradition’s sake or Torah requirement, they have to exert effort, not like going to the nearest “CR” or faucet/sink these days.

The “religious” context would be the religion based on Torah, Judaism.

The NT gospels give Pharisees a bad rap, constantly portraying them in a negative light whenever they interact with Jesus.  This image is carried all the way to the modern portrayal of Pharisees in biblical story-retelling, such as in the rock musical/film “Jesus Christ Superstar” where the black-cape onion-headdress costume of Pharisees alone liken them to bats or evil religionists.

So in this one of many episodes where Pharisees and Jesus interact, the discourse cover more than the literal level, i.e., this vignette is really NOT about the traditional washing of hands. In fact, if we read on, it would seem that Jesus over-reacts.  How does a simple question about washing hands before eating develop into a full-blown attack against everything wrong that Jesus accuses the Pharisees of? Perhaps the Pharisees deserve it, perhaps not.  We suppose that Jesus had good reason to use this as an occasion to give a sermon about Tradition vs. Commandment.

We never really question the actions and words of the HERO in these gospels. Further FYI on the religious context, this time from my NASB Study Bible notes:

the tradition of the elders.  After the Babylonian captivity, the Jewish rabbis began to make meticulous rules and regulations governing the daily life of the people. These were interpretations and applications of the law of Moses, handed down from generation to generation.  In Jesus day this “tradition of the elders” was in oral form.  It was not until c. A.D. 200 that it was put into writing in the Mishnah. See Mark 7:1-4.

Granting that the tradition of the elders require washing hands before eating, it’s still baffling why the Pharisee’s question would provoke Jesus to the extent of calling them ‘hypocrites’ and blind guides. Expounding on the hypocrisy and blindness of religious leaders is probably occasionally deserved in the field of religion, since no one ever agrees with everyone else because each side tends to think they’re right and the others are wrong . . . in this light, Jesus’ reaction might be understandable. vs 3-9  

He answered them, “And why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition?  For God commanded, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and ‘Whoever reviles father or mother must surely die.’  But you say, ‘If anyone tells his father or his mother, “What you would have gained from me is given to God,” he need not honor his father.’ So for the sake of your tradition you have made void the word of God. You hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy of you, when he said:  “This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me; in vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.”

At the risk of belaboring a point, again—what commandment of God were the Pharisees breaking or ‘voiding’  for simply asking Jesus and his disciples about hand-washing? But never mind, Jesus is entitled to take this as far as he wants and that is exactly what he does; in fact it becomes the springboard for a lecture to the masses on what truly defiles a person. vs 10-11  

And he called the people to him and said to them, “Hear and understand:  it is not what goes into the mouth that defiles a person, but what comes out of the mouth; this defiles a person.” 

vs 12-13 Then the disciples came and said to him, “Do you know that the Pharisees were offended when they heard this saying?” He answered, “Every plant that my heavenly Father has not planted will be rooted up.  Let them alone; they are blind guides.  And if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into a pit.” 

Amen to the blind leading the blind and falling into a pit.

vs 15-20  But Peter said to him. “Explain the parable to us.” And he said, “Are you also still without understanding? Do you not see that whatever goes into the mouth passes into the stomach and is expelled? But what comes out of the mouth proceeds from the heart, and this defiles a person.  For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false witness, slander.  These are what defile a person. But to eat with unwashed hands does not defile anyone.”

Amen again . . . but how does this whole episode relate to our original question on: weren’t the Biblical dietary prescriptions of Leviticus 11 cancelled in the New Testament because supposedly, Jesus himself “declared all foods clean” in Mark 7:19?

If we re-read Mark 7:19, whether or not the verse was really there or inserted later (since it was in parenthesis in 2 translations and altogether missing in 2 other versions), think about the cultural context:  Jesus was a Jew.  If he was Torah-observant which evidently he was, then he would have observed the Leviticus 11 diet.  If so, when he says the word “food”, its connotation is exactly   that of Leviticus 11.  That’s what Jews would eat, if they’re Torah-observant.

However, if non-Jews, or Torah-ignorant gentiles hear or read “food”, they connect that word with all the stuff they’re used to eating which includes unclean animal meat.  So the reader, coming from a culture different from the Jewish culture, would naturally conclude  that Jesus indeed declared “all foods” clean! Get it?  

NSB@S6K

Image from amazon.com

[First posted 2012; reposted for review during the Christian lenten season.

Whenever we can’t do better than the writer of any article, we do the next best thing: feature the whole writing, or present excerpts from it.  

One of our highly recommended books on Christian history is Charles Freeman’s A New History of EARLY CHRISTIANITY.  Our hope is that our readers will be encouraged to get their own copy for their study and library after having a taste of parts of this highly recommended book.  

Chapter Five of Freeman’s history is titled:  What did Paul Achieve?  Condensed and lightly edited.  Instead of posting separate articles, we are listing them all here, please check them all out, it will be worth your time to get to know this towering figure who really was the founder of Christianity.  Find out if true!

• Revisit: Paul 2 – From Saul to Paul, from historic Jesus to cosmic Christ
• Revisit: Paul 3 – Trouble in missionary journeys
• Revisit: Paul 4 – You foolish Galatians!
• Revisit: Paul 5 – Conflict with the Jews, and emerging Pauline theology
• Revisit: Paul 6: Founder of Gentile Christianity

—Admin 1]

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Image from www.goodreads.com

PAUL DOMINATES ANY HISTORY OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY.  

He is the loner who made Christianity universal, the authoritarian who wrote in terms of the equality of all before God.  He transformed the spiritual teacher of Galilee into the crucified and risen Christ.  Yet it is impossible to write more than a fragmentary account of his life.  The sources that survive, perhaps six or seven letters of the many he must have written, and the narrative of his activities in the Acts of the Apostle, are not full enough even to provide an accurate chronology.  The context in which his letters were composed can only be guessed at and it is difficult to find a consistent theology in them.  Even though there is a tradition which portrays Paul as if he were a detached scholar, his theology is deeply rooted in his frustrations.  His personality was complicated and his relationship with others were often tempestuous.  All this makes it challenging to provide a fair assessment of his achievement.

As for many ‘teachers’ in the Greek world, Paul’s fame meant that a variety of texts were later ascribed to him.  Only seven of the so-called Pauline letters of the New Testament are now fully accepted as genuine:  

• Romans
• 1 & 2 Corinthians
• Galatians
• 1 Thessalonians
• Philippians
• Philemon  

The earliest surviving letter, that to the Galatians, was probably written in AD 49; the most mature and influential statement of Paul’s theology, the Letter to the Romans, in about 57 and his last surviving letter, to the Philippians in 61 or 62.  These letters provide direct evidence of Paul’s responses to the Christian communities with whom he had contact.  They are the primary sources of Paul’s life and beliefs even if one can never know how representative they are of his total output. Although the personality of Paul keeps breaking through (in all its rawness in Chapter 4 of 1 Corinthians or the Letter to the Galatians, for instance) and at times his eloquence reaches an intensity which places the letters among the finer literary achievements of the ancient world, they are steeped in the rhetorical conventions of his time.  Historical accuracy may have been sacrificed to the self-dramatisation that was necessary to make an impact on his readers.  As a documentary account of events they must be treated with caution.

The Acts of the Apostles, the second half of which features some account of Paul’s travels and his encounters with the emerging Christian communities, was probably written some thirty years after the events it describes.  Its author, Luke, may even have been a companion of Paull, or close to those who were, and he covers events in relative detail from between AD 50 and 60 when Paul arrives, under armed escort, in Rome.  It is not known how many letters of Paul, if any, Luke himself had seen or whether he had seen others which are now lost to us. (There is not a single mention of Paul’s letter writing in Acts.)  Many scholars discount Acts as accurate history.  it is certainly true that Acts is selective, many events are not clearly described and Luke may have created a much more harmonised life of Paul than the letters suggest.  One estimate is that while Chapters 1-8  cover the events of three years, Chapter 9-28 stretch over 25 and concentrate on relatively few events within that time span.  The tensions with the Corinthians, which play a major part in Paul’s letters, are not mentioned in Acts at all.  In short Luke never set out to provide a biography of Paul:  rather his aim, if one takes the text as a whole, is to describe the progress of the gospel, highlighting the events which he believed contributed to this.  Yet, there is a narrative that does outline journeys of Paul that can be traced on the map.  Above all Acts provides a vivid picture of the struggle that Paul had with the communities he visited and the turbulence of his experiences fits well with the passion of the letters.

Even Paul’s birth date can only be guessed at.  Acts refers to Paul as ‘young’ at the time he began persecuting Christians in the AD 30s and his gruelling missionary journeys of the 50s suggest a man no older than his 40s so the first decade of the century seems most plausible.  His background and education reflect the melting pot that the east had become.  He was born, as a Jew, in Tarsus, a lively trading city that was capital of the Roman province of Cilicia.  He may have absorbed, in his childhood or later, an education in rhetoric, including the effective writing of letters, and a smattering of Greek philosophy, above all Stoicism and, perhaps, Platonism.  He was sent to study in Jerusalem at the school of the well-known teacher Gamaliel.  He must have picked up Aramaic while he was living in Jerusalem but he later refers to himself as a Pharisee and this suggests that he had made a rigorous study of the Torah in the original Hebrew.  Nevertheless his own use of scriptures in his letters always draws on the Greek version, the Septuagint.

It is hard to imagine a greater contrast in Jewish backgrounds than that between Paul and Jesus.  

• Paul was a Roman citizen, brought up in a Greek-speaking city and at ease with urban life.  He was well educated and aware of two competing cultures, Greek and Jewish.  
• Jesus had no education other than what he had absorbed from the synagogue, his background was rural and remote from city life, and his region appears to have been untouched by the Greeks.  
• Paul was never tolerant of others and was unlikely to have been able to grasp, or even be sympathetic to, the very different context of rural Galilean Judaism.  
• Jesus’ life and teachings simply do not figure in his letters and speeches.

Perhaps the most intriguing feature of Paul’s background is his Roman citizenship.  By this time the whole of the free population of Italy had been granted Roman citizenship and many Italians had migrated to the Greek east rather as colonists (Philippi was an established colony of citizens, for instance), merchants or administrators.  Roman citizenship among the native populations of the east, on the other hand, was still rare.  Citizenship could be granted to distinguished individuals, as it was for Josephus, the Jewish historian favoured by the Romans, but Paul would never have qualified on his own merits.  However, it was a remarkable feature of Roman law that once a master freed his slaves their descendants acquired full citizenship.  In all likelihood Paul was the son of a freedman, one released from slavery by  Roman master.  When he was in Jerusalem he may even have attended the ‘Synagogue of the Freedman’ mentioned in Acts 6:7 — Jews from Cilicia are specifically mentioned as members of its congregation.  His references to slavery, the coming of Christ for all, ‘slave and free’, and his support for Onesimus, the escaped slave on behalf of whom he writes to his owner Philemon, need to be read in light of this probability.  To have an elevated position as a Roman citizen but only because one’s father had been a slave left one in an ambiguous social position.  Perhaps this explains why Paul so often felt himself an outsider.

Next:  Revisit:  Paul 2 – From Saul to Paul, from historic Jesus to cosmic Christ